|
The Cardinal virtues are a quartette set of virtues recognized in the writings of Classical Antiquity and, along with the theological virtues, also in Christian tradition. They consist of the following qualities: *Prudence (, ''phronēsis''; (ラテン語:Prudentia)): also described as wisdom, the ability to judge between actions with regard to appropriate actions at a given time. *Justice (, ''dikaiosynē''; (ラテン語:Iustitia)): also considered as fairness, the most extensive and most important virtue.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cardinal Virtues of Plato, Augustine and Confucius )〕 *Temperance (, ''sōphrosynē''; (ラテン語:Temperantia)): also known as restraint, the practice of self-control, abstention, and moderation tempering the appetition. *Courage (, ''andreia''; (ラテン語:Fortitudo)): also named fortitude, forbearance, strength, endurance, and the ability to confront fear, uncertainty, and intimidation. These were derived initially from Plato's scheme, discussed in ''Republic'' Book IV, 426-435 (and see ''Protagoras'' 330b, which also includes piety (''hosiotes'')); expanded on by Cicero, and adapted by Saint Ambrose, Augustine of Hippo, and Thomas Aquinas (see ''Summa Theologica'' II(I).61). The term "cardinal" comes from the Latin ''cardo'' or hinge; the cardinal virtues are so called because they are the basic virtues required for a virtuous life. They are also related to the Quadrivium. ==In Classical Antiquity== The four cardinal virtues appear as a group (sometimes included in larger lists) long before they are later given this title. Plato identified the four cardinal virtues with the classes of the city described in ''The Republic'', and with the faculties of man. Plato narrates a discussion of the character of a good city where the following is agreed upon. “Clearly, then, it will be wise, brave, temperate (healthy-minded ), and just.” (427e; see also 435b) Temperance was common to all classes, but primarily associated with the producing classes, the farmers and craftsmen, and with the animal appetites, to whom no special virtue was assigned; fortitude was assigned to the warrior class and to the spirited element in man; prudence to the rulers and to reason. Justice stands outside the class system and divisions of man, and rules the proper relationship among the three of them. In Aristotle's ''Rhetoric'' we read: “The forms of Virtue are justice, courage, temperance, magnificence, magnanimity, liberality, gentleness, prudence, wisdom.” (''Rhetoric'' 1366b1) The Roman philosopher and statesman Cicero (106-43 BC), like Plato, limits the list to four virtues: Cicero discusses these further in ''De Officiis'' (I, V and following). The cardinal virtues are listed in the Bible. The deuterocanonical book Wisdom of Solomon 8:7 reads, "She () teaches temperance, and prudence, and justice, and fortitude, which are such things as men can have nothing more profitable in life." They are also found in the Biblical apocrypha. 4 Maccabees 1:18-19 relates: “Now the kinds of wisdom are right judgment, justice, courage, and self-control. Right judgment is supreme over all of these since by means of it reason rules over the emotions.” Catholic moral philosophy drew from all of these sources when developing its reflections on the virtues. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cardinal virtues」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|